![]() ![]() As with many other countries, the Indonesian state’s initial response was to implement a status of emergency. ![]() In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic reached Indonesia. Keywords: Indonesia, army, TNI, emergency, military operations other than war, MOOTW, emergency management, disaster response This article examines how historical experiences, military doctrine, and legal frameworks shaped civil-military relations in Indonesia, particularly regarding the military’s role in emergency management. This article argues that in Indonesia, the military role in emergencies is shaped by the long tradition of counterinsurgency. Abstract: The Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI) has responded to a variety of national emergencies in Indonesia since 1945. ![]()
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